[65], The first features of the administrative organization of monetary production were first established by Diocletian and Constantine, and were still in existence at the beginning of the 7th century. [40], After the demise of the Komnenoi, the Byzantine economy declined under the impact of several factors: the dismemberment of the Empire after 1204, the successive territorial losses to the Turks (although the strong economic interaction of Byzantine territories with those lost by the Empire continued), and the Italian expansion in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Pagan temples, Jewish synagogues, and Christian baptisteries attest to the range of organized religions with which the official forms of the Roman state, including those of emperor worship, could not always peacefully coexist. Upon that world the barbarians descended after about 150 ce. The capital was well-positioned near active trade routes connecting east and west. 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Rise_of_the_Ottomans_and_fall_of_Constantinople. All of these expenses meant that the Byzantine government had only about 100,000 nomismata in surplus revenue each year for treaties, bribes, or gifts.[23]. [74], In 1304 the introduction of the basilikon, a pure silver coinage modeled on the Venetian ducat marked the abandonment of Komnenian structures under the influence of western models. Instead of separate civil and military bodies, civil leaders controlled army affairs. [35] Then he also promised to pay 5,000 pounds of gold to the Pope and the Curia. Conquest had brought regions of diverse background under Roman rule. In order to fight back, the Byzantines created a new military system, known as the theme system, in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers. [42] In 1195, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI forced Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos to pay him a tribute of 1,000 pounds of gold (originally 5,000 pounds of gold) and in 1204 Alexios III took 1,000 pounds of gold (or 72,000 hyperpyra) when he fled Constantinople. The Seljuk Empire had been prominent since the 1030s, but their first major breakthrough against the Byzantine Empire was at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Byzantine government and military had been restructured, and the culture of the empire changed, too. , Posted 3 years ago. Also, soldiers had a personal stake in the land since it was their own. International trade was practiced not only in Constantinople, which was until the late 12th century an important center of the eastern luxury trade, but also in other cities that functioned as centers of inter-regional and international trade, such as Thessaloniki and Trebizond. Now that no region of the empire was safe from attack, something different was needed. Did the Byzantine Empire practice Christianity? Direct link to David Alexander's post Not only in the middle, b, Posted 3 years ago. In the post-classical era, there were pre-existing labor systems that continued from the classical era. [32] When Manuel became emperor he ordered 2 gold coins to be given to every householder in Constantinople and 200 pounds of gold (including 200 silver coins annually) to be given to the Eastern Orthodox Church. [68], Ever since the creation of the Byzantine monetary system by Constantine in 312, its pivot had been golden solidus, a coinage whose nominal value was equal to its intrinsic value, as is proven by the Theodosian Code. 532 CE - 537 CE. Image credit: Even after Constantinople was reconquered by the Byzantines in 1261, the empire was drastically weakened. The Byzantine Empire influenced many cultures, primarily due to its role in shaping Christian Orthodoxy. To protect the frontier against them, warrior emperors devoted whatever energies they could spare from the constant struggle to reassert control over provinces where local regimes emerged. Their geographic location gave them defense. However, women could not become priests in the church or have similar high roles. [] Territories still under Byzantine control were formed into military districts under the command of a strategos (army leader), who was responsible for all aspects of government, civil and military. All of them served as Byzantine diplomats, and had a duty to report back to Constantinople from their travels. The conquests of that age presented new problems of organization and assimilation, and those the emperors had to confront at precisely the time when older questions of economic and social policy pressed for answers in a new and acute form. . The climate was opportune for farming. Let's look at this passage written by the historian Timothy E. Gregory: There can be no doubt that, from 312 CE onward, Constantine favored the Christian church and that he offered it considerable wealth. Under Diocletian's reign, the Eastern Roman Empire's annual revenue was at 9,400,000 solidi, out of a total of 18,000,000 solidi for the entire Roman Empire. As gold coins were spent on soldiers to serve in the army, these would in time spend their money acquiring their own goods and much revenue would return to the state in the form of taxation. Indeed, it is estimated that areas under cultivation must have almost doubled, and that the extension of crops might have affected a shift in the location of grazing lands, and pushed back the woodlands. During those same centuries, nonetheless, there were changes so profound in their cumulative effect that after the 7th century state and society in the East differed markedly from their earlier forms. [62], Coinage was the basic form of money in Byzantium, although credit existed: archival documents indicate that both banking and bankers were not as primitive as has sometimes been implied. Since Byzantium was in a constant state of warfare with her neighbours (even if only by raiding) the military required weapons to be manufactured by the bigger cities (such as Thessaloniki) whilst the smaller towns were subject to grain, wine and even biscuit requisitions by Imperial officers. [80] The raw silk merchants could buy the raw silk from outside Constantinople but did not themselves have the authority to travel outside the city to get it possibly in order not to jeopardize the activities of the provincial merchants selling the silk. The Byzantine GDP per capita has been estimated by the World Bank economist Branko Milanovic to range from $680 to $770 in 1990 International Dollars at its peak around 1000 (reign of Basil II). Thanks to the settlements that resulted from such policies, many a name, seemingly Greek, disguises another of different origin: Slavic, perhaps, or Turkish. Map of the changes in the borders of the Byzantine Empire from 476 to 1400 CE. But with his wife (Theodora) arguing for Syria's and Egypt monotheism, and his arguing for western Christianity, all the sides felt the had either the empress or the emperor's ear. legible legal systems became the basis of Western law, and its emphasis on abstract legal concepts such as civil, natural, and equal rights. Modern historians agree with them only in part. Nice post. He was able to reclaim much of the Western Empire during his reign. [15] Warren Treadgold estimates that during the period from Diocletian to Marcian, the Eastern Empire's population and agriculture declined a bit, but not much. Eunuchs, men who had been castrated, were also an important part of Byzantine society. He kept the peace with Syria and Egypt by making Theodora his empress he kept the heretical religion (from pope's view) together with Rome. Image credit: Despite some restrictions, many women had a role in public life and engaged in commercial activities. There was in principle a clear distinction between tenants who lived on the estates (and owed dues to the master of the place), and the village inhabitants, many of whom owned land, and consequently paid taxes to the state. The spread of Islam into East Asia. Also, imperial largess cost the treasury 100,000 nomismata every year. Read about the continuities and changes between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire and complete guided practice. What linked Egypt and the rest of the Eastern Empire was the way . How did it change? The automatic effect of a larger population was also amplified by the demand from a growing number of people who did not produce much or at all. Did the Byzantine empire force people that they took over to practice there ofical realigion ? Possible Answers: Socialism Manorialism Capitalism Collectivism Feudalism Correct answer: Manorialism Explanation: Manorialism is the economic system dependent upon serfdom, indentured labor, and the complex political network of alliances of Feudalism. Even though the Western Roman Empire, which was centered around Rome, collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire survived as the, The Byzantine Empire lasted for a millennium after the fall of the Roman Empire, ending with the Ottoman conquests in 1453. This period saw the conversion of the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Rus to Orthodox Christianity, permanently changing the religious map of Europe and the face of the Byzantine Empire. The empire finally collapsed when its administrative structures could no longer support the burden of leadership thrust upon it by military conquests. At what point did the Byzantine empire become Istanbul? [15] These estimates can be compared to the AD 150 annual revenue of 14,500,000 solidi and the AD 215 of 22,000,000 solidi. "The o, Posted 5 years ago. Because family was so significant, women and mothers were seen as important members of the family unit, though some women joined monastic orders. Constantinople was an extremely diverse city. Why could landowners in the Theme System collect taxes and control the military forces of their themes? It was, however, apparent that the late Byzantine state was unable to gain full control of either the foreign or domestic economic forces. The name refers to Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony and transit point that became the location of the Byzantine Empires capital city, Constantinople. Constantinople was a prime hub in a trading network that at various times extended across nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa. The term East Rome accurately described the political unit embracing the Eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire until 476, while there were yet two emperors. Direct link to cwalker11's post Are they still claimnig t, Posted 3 years ago. A source of strength in the early Middle Ages, Byzantiums central geographical position served it ill after the 10th century. The city was, by virtue of its location, a natural transit point between Europe and Asia Minor (Anatolia). But it was cumbersome, it depended on the cooperation of the governing bodies of cities, Lives of slaves were embedded in each spoonful of sugar stirred into cup of tea, each puff of a pipe and every bite of rice. Theodora in particular is known for having influenced a series of reforms that were beneficial to women. Even in marginal regions rural settlements flourished. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire was influenced by Latin, Coptic, Armenian, and Persian cultures. Church division happened in the year 1054 CE. But to the end of the empire, they not only claimed to be Romans, but they WERE the Roman empire. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power." King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 The Western provinces had only lately entered upon their own course of urban development under the not-always-tender ministrations of their Roman masters. Direct link to Bekzod Kimsanboev's post It seems like all over fr, Posted 3 years ago. In view of the ensuing warfare, the widespread incidence of disease, and the rapid turnover among the occupants of the imperial throne, it would be easy to assume that little was left of either the traditional fabric of Greco-Roman society or the bureaucratic structure designed to support it. Image credit: During the Early Middle Ages, despite significant territorial losses, the Byzantine Empire flourished. [89] This would yield a total GDP somewhere between $17 and $29 billion in today's terms. "[71] Weight and fineness of the coinage were joined by another element: the authenticity of the stamp, which served to guarantee the other two. These changes eventually created a distinct culture which would characterize the Byzantine Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476. Direct link to Brian da Silva's post You should take a look at, Posted 3 years ago. The following table contains approximate estimates. There was a functioning market for grain in Constantinople, but it was not entirely self-regulating: the state could play a role in the availability of grain, and the formation of prices. [24] In order to impress the Caliph of Baghdad, Theophilos distributed 36,000 gold coins to the citizens of Baghdad, and in 838, he was forced to pay 100,000 gold dinars to the Caliph. Image credit: Constantinewho ruled from 324 CE to 337 CEmade some significant changes to the Roman Empire. Direct link to Joee Mariscal's post With whom did the byzanti. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt were well developed agricultural regions which yielded huge amounts of tax revenues for the state - some estimate that Egypt alone may have contributed up to 30% of the annual tax take. [18], From the 10th century, however, until the end of the twelfth, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of wealth and luxury. The power of the Byzantine Empire's early economy was largely predicated upon the land. All of these expenses meant that the Byzantine government had about 500,000 nomismata in surplus revenue each year, much more than in the 8th century. Actually, the few preserved figures show that the largest eastern cities grew somewhat between the 3rd and 5th centuries. One of the economic foundations of the empire was trade. [3], From the 7th to the 12th century, the social organization of production was arranged round two poles: estate and village (a collection of free smallholders). Nevertheless, according to certain scholars, the permanence of techniques, and tools are evidence of their successful adaptation to the environment. Justinian was never able to convert Syria and Egypt. Direct link to Will Poole's post I was a little confused a, Posted 3 years ago. For this reason, the empire strictly controlled both the internal circulation of commodities, and the international trade (certainly in intent; to a considerable degree also in practice). If you speak of the Byzantine empire as east and Roman Empire as west than the major difference was that the Byzantines invested heavily in cataphracts and had a version of a knight called the pronoia the west leaned more to a legionaire system of every soldier getting standard equipment where as byzantine soldiers were more like vassals . why did the turkish rename constantinopel. Paralleling and sometimes influencing Roman law were local customs and practices, understandably tenacious by reason of their antiquity. Among these emigrants were many Byzantine scholars and artists, including grammarians, poets, writers, musicians, astronomers, architects, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and theologians. For example, cities like Constantinople in the Byzantine empire or Canton in several Chinese dynasties were . how long did the Byzantine empire and the Roman empire grew together? a major controversy that lasted for a century, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/medieval-times/medieval/v/great-schism-or-east-west-schism-part-1, http://www.turkishculture.org/architecture/synagogues-in-istanbul-1041.htm, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/coin/hd_coin.htm. The previous system of provinces was a civil administration, but the theme system fused civil administration with military administration. Did you know that the capital city of Zimbabwe used to be Salisbury, but upon independence was renamed Harare? Since the beginning of the century, territory in the Balkans had steadily been lost to Avars and Slavs.Byzantine forces had managed to avert the crisis of the Persian invasion in the East by finally achieving victory over the Sassanid Empire of Persia in 628 AD, but it was only a brief respite before the new danger . The state retained the monopoly of issuing coinage, and had the power to intervene in other important sectors of the economy. The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted for more than 1,000 years. [44] The official tally of plunder from Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks, the equivalent of about 3,600,000 hyperpyra or 50,000 pounds/22.5 tonnes of gold. Private commercial activity was also affected by the crises in foreign policy, and the internal erosion of Byzantium.[49]. Direct link to Swati Bangalore's post Does anyone know if the B, Posted 4 years ago. The empire in the west became known as the Holy Roman Empire. The classical Roman Empire had been able to unify a great territory under a single rule, and after it fell, Europe became very fragmented. (opens in new tab) A map of the Byzantine . . The system included a . Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453. "The oldest synagogue remains in Turkey are dated to the 3rd century, and can be seen in Sardis, near Izmir. Direct link to adonaty0001's post Nice post. McKInley". The manor system was a sophisticated land management system that was hierarchal in structure. The lives of peasants differed greatly depending on whether they owned their own property or were dependant on private or state landowners. [33] When his niece Theodora married King Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1157, Manuel gave her a dowry of 100,000 gold coins, 10,000 gold coins for marriage expenses, and presents (jewels and silk garments) which were worth 14,000 gold coins total. Noble women also patronized monasteries. Believers of other religions were as free as were believers of other religions in any state which had an official religion. [34] The expense of Manuel's involvement in Italy must have cost the treasury a great deal (probably more than 2,160,000 hyperpyra or 30,000 pounds of gold). With whom did the byzantine get offensive with? Commerce during this period slumped, therefore only contributing 200,000 nomismata annually. It has to do with who is in charge. [11], The conquest of the empire by the Crusaders in 1204, and the subsequent division of the Byzantine territories affected the agrarian economy as it did other aspects of economic organization, and economic life. The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crisis to ensure the provisioning of the capital and to keep down the price of cereals. Possible Answers: considered unethical and therefore little practiced practiced only for ritualized, religious purposes integral to the economies of most city-states Constantinople was located on important east-west and north-south trade routes. Constantine V's reforms (c. 765) marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204. Before the Roman fell. In 1071, he led his Seljuk warriors to victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. It seems like all over from the 5th to the 15th centuries, the Byzantine empire was in strugle against its neighbors, didn't any emperor try to make a peace treaty with them because it seems like it was obvious that the Byzantine empire was. The United Kingdom: Taking inspiration from the Chinese, the British developed a bureaucratic government system. [76] By the end of the 12th century, especially from 1204 on, the political fragmentation of the empire resulted in the creation of coinages that were either "national" (e.g. A predominantly Christian empire was now a Muslim state named Istanbul. Coauthor of. Later, silk worms were smuggled into the empire and the overland silk trade became less important. Gradually, the state lost its influence on the modalities of trade and the price mechanisms, and its control over the outflow of precious metals and, according to some scholars, even over the minting of coins. The monasteries did not show great versatility or innovative spirit, and the rural economy had to wait, for its recovery, until the effects of epidemics had been reversed, security had been established, and communications restored: that is, until the firm establishment of the Ottomans in the Balkans. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul when the Ottomans under Mehmed II captured it. Name any 1000 year empire. Direct link to David Alexander's post Yes, someone knows about , Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to David Alexander's post Did you know that the cap, Posted 2 years ago. 531 CE - 534 CE. A golden-hued mosaic depicting a man with wings. [26] However, under Basil I's prudent economic policies, the state quickly raised 4,300,000 nomismata, far more even than the empire's annual revenue of 3,300,000 nomismata. The last Constantine fell in defense of the new Rome built by the first Constantine. The Byzantine-Arab Wars reduced the territory of the Empire to a third in the 7th century and the economy slumped; in 780 the Byzantine Empire's revenues were reduced to only 1,800,000 nomismata. Impelled by necessity or lured by profit, people moved from province to province. Modern historians use the term Byzantine Empire to distinguish the state from the western portion of the Roman Empire. The peasantry's tools changed little through the ages, and remained rudimentary, which resulted in a low ratio of productivity to labor. Refounded as the new Rome by the emperor Constantine I in 330, it was endowed by him with the name Constantinople, the city of Constantine. The derivation from Byzantium is suggestive in that it emphasizes a central aspect of Byzantine civilization: the degree to which the empire's administrative and intellectual life found a focus at Constantinople from 330 to 1453, the year of the city's last and unsuccessful defense under the 11th (or 12th) Constantine. Because nothing sums up a modern-day empire in decline like Disney. How did they prepare for a common defense? By this contract, a four-year-old girl became a servant in Quebec in 1703. built on the Roman imperial model but followed Greek cultural and religious traditions D. maintained a strong political and military presence in the However, the empire incurred significant territorial losses, and by the time the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire was little more than Constantinople itself. The first part of Justinian's Code, the Codex Justinianus, is released and immediately adopted across the Byzantine Empire. Why were these disagreements so significant? Are they still claimnig themselves as Romans? Laws gradually diminished the power of slaveholders and improved the rights of slaves by restricting a master's right to abuse, prostitute, expose, and murder slaves. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, holding the Child Christ on her lap. For personal and dynastic reasons, emperors favoured certain towns and provinces at the expense of others, and the erratic course of succession to the throne, coupled with a resulting constant change among the top administrative officials, largely deprived economic and social policies of recognizable consistency. The Byzantine EmpireA. Satisfactory solutions were never found. Constantinople was the center of Byzantine trade and culture and was incredibly diverse. [7] By the beginning of the 14th century, the Macedonian countryside was made up of an almost unbroken network of estates that had replaced the former network of communes. Each of the aspects of unity enumerated above had its other side. To manage his ever growing empire, Sultan Alp Arslan divided his empire into territories, which were each governed by an atabeg (i.e. [4] In the same way, the inhabitants of a village would not all be landholders, and of these, not all would be farmers; some village proprietors held the lowest rank of aristocrat status, and were wealthier than tenant farmers. [5] The distinction between landholder and tenant farmer (paroikos) was weakened once tenures held by paroikoi were considered hereditary, and once some paroikoi achieved owner status. Supporting the Byzantine bureaucracy needed 400,000 nomismata. Again the fanaticism of the Crusades opened the door for Islam to walk in. Its residents were multi-ethnic and multi-religious. During the 15th century, what were some of the undergoing transformations that they survived through? Nor did hostility always characterize the relations between Byzantines and those whom they considered barbarian. Even though the Byzantine intellectual firmly believed that civilization ended with the boundaries of his world, he opened it to the barbarian, provided that the latter (with his kin) would accept baptism and render loyalty to the emperor. The capital city of Congo was once Leopoldville, and was renamed Kinshasa. [29], Nevertheless, the Byzantine economy went into a long decline until the Comnenian Dynasty was able to revive the economy. Byzantium was a melting-pot society, characterized during its earlier centuries by a degree of social mobility that belies the stereotype, often applied to it, of an immobile caste-ridden society. Direct link to makayla.smith2's post During the 15th century, , Posted 3 years ago. Yes, someone knows about it. The Byzantine Empire was able to reunify many territories of the former empire, but was heavily deteriorated after the Muslim expansion of the seventh century onwards. What Chinese innovation caused an increase in population during the Song dynasty? On her left, emperor Constantine I, presenting a model of the city. Though the situation seemed bleak, the Byzantine Empire survived into the fifteenth century, undergoing more transformations. It was the west that couldn't make peace with Persia, Monotheism, Islam or Orthodox Christianity. In the passage, Browning described the emergence of the. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. The very name Byzantine illustrates the misconceptions to which the empires history has often been subject, for its inhabitants would hardly have considered the term appropriate to themselves or to their state. Byzantine architecture, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions from Egypt to Russia. After that, Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) were part of the Eastern Orthodox "brand" of Christianity. This system was fairly successful. Labor Systems and Economic Systems Example Question #1 : Labor Systems And Economic Systems From Prehistory To 600 Bce In ancient Greek society, slavery was ___________. Direct link to Sean Zhang's post Why could landowners in t, Posted 3 years ago. Women also had the right to inherit and often had independent wealth, which was frequently in the form of a dowry. It lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. In particular, the Greek language became more and more important in the East relative to Latin. more. Not in 2020 they're not. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Women were seen by the church as spiritually equal to their male counterparts, and they played roles in convents. [1] Direct link to alaina.sawyer's post Their geographic location, Posted 3 years ago. People living under the early Byzantine Empire saw themselves as Romans, but the culture of the empire changed over the centuries. [48] Gradually, the state also lost its influence on the modalities of trade and the price mechanisms, and its control over the outflow of precious metals and, according to some scholars, even over the minting of coins. When Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos attempted to rebuild the Byzantine navy, he was only able to raise an inadequate 50,000 hyperpyra. The Holy Roman Empire was an unsuccesful try to give Europe a central and unified power of control, and by the time of Voltaire, he accurately stated that "This body which called itself and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.". I was a little confused about the whole loss of territory, I thought they did lose some. [10], The 12th century saw the development of tilling and milling technologies in the West, but there is less evidence for similar Byzantine innovation. Raw silk was bought from China and made up into fine brocades and cloth-of-gold that commanded high prices through the world. The latter term is derived from the name Byzantium, borne by a colony of ancient Greek foundation on the European side of the Bosporus, midway between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. You can find the book at York University library in Canada. There was Judaism. [46], By the time the Palaiologoi took power, Italian merchants had come to dominate the trade by sea whilst Turkic incursions prevented any success from trade across roads. and how did they survive? Imports and exports were uniformly taxed at ten percent. Weegy: Constantinople was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. Orthodoxy is central to the history and societies of Greece, Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia, and other countries. You should take a look at the two videos that Sal made about the great schism, they give more details: How did Holy Roman Empire form after the Western Roman Empire fell in 476? Changes to the 3rd century,, Posted 2 years ago complete guided practice and culture and was incredibly.. The crises in foreign policy, and other countries of 22,000,000 solidi the permanence of techniques, was... Christ on her lap of them served as Byzantine diplomats, and was incredibly diverse Rise_of_the_Ottomans_and_fall_of_Constantinople. To women religions were as free as were believers of other religions were free... A total GDP somewhere between $ 17 and $ 29 billion in today 's terms productivity to labor and... You know that the cap, Posted 3 years ago or lured by,! $ 29 billion in today 's terms land since it was their own property or dependant... At various times extended across nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa by,... Inspiration from the classical era class and caste hierarchies were dependant on private or state landowners separate! That world the barbarians descended after about 150 CE Posted 4 years ago of other religions were free! Predominantly Christian Empire was influenced by Latin, Coptic, Armenian, and other.... At York University library in Canada structures could no longer support the burden of leadership thrust upon it military... Diplomats, and other countries was bought from China and made up into fine and... Were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies women were seen by the in., http: //www.turkishculture.org/architecture/synagogues-in-istanbul-1041.htm, https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire # Rise_of_the_Ottomans_and_fall_of_Constantinople virtue of its location, Posted 3 years ago by. An inadequate 50,000 hyperpyra the end of the Eastern half, known as the Holy Roman and... 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