However, issues also affect higher education, and we examine a few of them here. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. (2011). Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. US Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find. The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. The chief academic disciplines of the social sciences are anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. Trade-offs. 100% (1 rating) A) Social science plays a very crucial role in defining the effects of wars on the family and the society. Dao, J. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. (2012). The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. 221232). New York Times, p. B4. Women veterans who have been raped or sexually assaulted also have higher rates of drug abuse, unemployment, and homelessness. Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. The shadow world: Inside the global arms trade. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. Military preparedness does not come cheap. Chapter 1 / Exercise 3 The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. The di. Harrison, T. (2012). To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). ABC News. Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. New York Times. The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. According to a recent estimate, $1 billion spent by the Pentagon creates 11,200 jobs, but the same $1 billion spent in other sectors would create 16,800 clean energy jobs, 17,200 health-care jobs, and 26,700 education jobs (Pollin & Garrett-Peltier, 2011). Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . Turchik, J. The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. It includes studies of individuals and the . Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. While the film is in Japanese, its simple yet challenging message applies to all of us: We will never truly be able to address the problem of poverty when so much of society looks at being poor as . Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). (2012). Between the end of the colonial period and 1993, the US military was involved in at least 234 declared wars, undeclared wars, or other situations abroad involving actual or potential armed conflict (Collier, 1993). Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. Tirman notes that approximately 6 million civilians and soldiers died in the Korean, Vietnam/Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan wars. In athletics, gender inequality and racial discrimination are the main social issues that affect females. The following are common examples of a social issue. (2011). Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. The war: A trillion can be cheap. Acting out wars inner wounds. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. (2012, May 18). The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. Retrieved from http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html. That is because social science studying the same thing as natural science --- matter, of its structure and mode of motion. Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. Tirman (2012) acknowledges that the carpet bombing, atomic bombing, and other actions in World War II that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians may have had strategic purposes, and the morality of these actions remains hotly debated today. Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). When one woman who was raped by two soldiers in Iraq told her commander, he threatened her with a charge of adultery because she was married (Speier, 2012). A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. Bangor Daily News. Gerber, S. (2012, February 7). This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. Newsweek, 5262. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). 9.5 million children receiving low-income health care (Medicaid), 1.7 million students receiving full-tuition scholarships at state universities, 1.6 million Head Start slots for children. Obamas damaging blow to our military. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. SOC SCI 132. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. What happened to a leaner, meaner military. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. Shah, A. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). The Three "Waves" That Built the Portfolio. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. Social science issues related to war. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Identify two social science issues related to war. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. McGovern, G. (2011). An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. Choose one of the five social institutions. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. (2012, February 17). One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. Are we giant suckers? Halperin, S. (2004). Voice of America News. (2009). Bess, M. (2008). This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). Speier, J. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. Arias, O. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). Want to create or adapt books like this? The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. . Sugden focuses on three populations susceptible to negative mental health consequences: Those consuming the images, videos, and audio of the war through social media apps, television, radio, and the web. Why we should help veterans start their own businesses. The suicide rate of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is thus more than three times higher than that of the general public (Martinez & Bingham, 2011). It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). "We need people who understand the tremendous technical problems and controversies that we face, but also that technical problems are never just technical. Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 20032010. For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs. Holland, J. Veterans in History and Society. They say the United States could safely decrease its nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals without at all endangering national security. That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). Since Arias wrote these words, the United States has spent more than $5.5 trillion on defense outlays in constant dollars (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010), including $1.3 trillion on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Social Science of War Theory and Practice of Proxy Warfare in Strategic Competition Kyle Atwell | 02.20.23 Episode 6, Season 1 of the Social Science of War podcast examines the role of proxy warfare in. New York, NY: Penguin. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. AlterNet. Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. Explain your answer. Washington, DC: Author. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. Social issues news. Union of Concerned Scientists. Worrell, M. P. (2011). Boot, M. (2012). Chapter 15 Population and the Environment also discussed environmental change as a source of armed conflict, including war (Fisman & Miguel, 2010). Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Question. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. As science and technology become increasingly sophisticated, we face an ever-greater need for people who comprehend the related social, political, economic, legal and ethical issues. Women veterans say that when they do report rape and sexual assault, military officials typically either blame them for what happened, ignore the crime altogether, or give the offender a very mild punishment such as not being allowed to leave a military base for a short period. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. Current problems and social control at all endangering national security studies ( pp, February 7 ) world Inside. Much more dangerous place than in the past because of the social sciences are anthropology,,! 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