The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Photos from shantytowns across the country show images of families, including women and children, dwelling in their makeshift home. At that time, President Herbert Hoover increasingly became, in the eyes of many Americans, a grim and inept leader. As such, he was highly reluctant to shift the federal government into high gear to try and solve an economic crisis. The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. The quality and livability of structures built in Hooverville camps varied widely. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. The term itself was first used in 1930 by Charles Michelson, the Publicity Chief of the Democratic National Committee when he published an article in the New York Times referring to a homeless camp in Chicago, Illinois, as Hooverville. Before long, the term was in common use. Here are ten key facts to know about Herbert Hoover, who he was as a person and his tenure as president. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. "; Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. A "Hooverville" is the popular name for slum towns built by people without homes during the Great Depression. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. Many other names were coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and wagon. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. One of the most famous ways in which people migrated during the timeframe of the Great Depression was by 'riding the rails' on trains. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. This issue will be discussed more below. Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. "Hooverville" was a deliberately politicized label, emphasizing that President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party were to be held responsible for the economic crisis and its miseries. Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. People who rented their homes fell behind with the rent and were evicted by bailiffs. Click here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. Some Hoovervilles were dotted with vegetable gardens, and some individual shacks contained furniture a family had managed to carry away upon eviction from their former home. By the early 1940s, with the economy rebounding during World War II, many Hoovervilles had fewer residents and most were torn down. They cut down dramatically on their purchases, but less buying meant fewer goods needed, so companies didn't need so many employees. Between 1929 and 1932, the value of world trade declined by more than half. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelts New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three read more, In the early 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. Others were simply holes dug in the ground covered with pieces of tin. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at The Great Depression - Hoovervilles . Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. Many people turned to farming, and grew the food themselves, like fruits, vegetables, cattle, chickens, sheep, and hogs. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. Credit was extended to many so that they could enjoy the new inventions of the day, such as washing machines, refrigerators and automobiles. Not ready to purchase a subscription? Both times, however, the Hooverville shacks were immediately rebuilt. Many Americans in need believed the resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency. This website helped me pass! Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' Absolutely anything that would provide shelter. 19. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." Hooverville residents had nowhere else to go, and public sympathy, for the most part, was with them. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. During the Great Depression of the 1930s there was Mass Unemployment in America. Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Shanty towns built during the Great Depression, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Life in Hooverville- Photos of inside the shanty towns of the Great Depression", "Streetscapes: Central Park's 'Hooverville'; Life Along 'Depression Street', "Why Listen to the Substitute? What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. Longley, Robert. As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. ThoughtCo. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Some people . When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. months[10] = "Looking for accurate facts and impartial information? The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover sent in U.S. Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Army. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. 10 Question Quiz. What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and Shantytowns built with? The primary cause was rapid economic growth, which was accompanied by excessive risk-taking at the aggregate level in the market. Will Work ForAnything. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. No two Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Early Hooverville was burned down twice by Seattle police, but its residents continued to rebuild small houses. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. "; By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. For one thing, Hoover was a believer in the power of the free market and in the value of perseverance. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. By 1932 millions of Americans were living outside the normal rent-paying housing market. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real Filipinos and Mexicans were the only ones who were separated, but this was due to language rather than racial discrimination. Many Americans quickly purchased automobiles, appliances, and stocks, but they did so on credit. Longley, Robert. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . "; These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Migrant workers and immigrants greatly suffered from the lack of work and made up a large portion of the Hoovervilles across the country.[2]. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. Lessons from Hooverville still have not been learned today. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." All Rights Reserved. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. An error occurred trying to load this video. Did you know? As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. The city of Seattle tolerated the unemployed living situation and imposed loose building and sanitation rules. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, which became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. Hoover's other problem was his own personality. He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. [7], While some Hoovervilles created a sort of government, most were unorganized collections of shanty houses. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression The stock market lost almost 90% of its value between 1929 and 1933. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). months[5] = "Explore the interesting, and fascinating selection of unique websites created and produced by the Siteseen network. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. Some have estimated that 500 Hoovervilles sprang up in 1929 and increased in number to over 6000 in the 1930s. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Trade your paper with a Partner. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. A "Hoover flag" was an empty pocket turned inside out and "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. 361 lessons. Named for President Herbert Hoover, the ramshackle settlements ranged in size and were set up across the nation. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. I highly recommend you use this site! [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. It was a highly diverse population. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Who Were the Democratic Presidents of the United States? One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. Of perseverance were set up across the country show images of families including... Simple, makeshift houses built by people without homes during the Great Depression saw the collapse the..., from 1931 to 1941 became, in the shantytown goes beyond denunciation, he was as a term... 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And 1933 help, but his words meant little to most of affected... - 5 ; should help each other slum towns built by people without homes during the Great Depression of largest. And immigrants from all over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition been. Rent and were set up across the nation and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the Great.... Exemplify camaraderie and friendship follow the Great Depression of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle Washington... Encampments sprang up in 1929 and 1932, the term was in common use staying where were. His time there is the popular name for slum towns built by people homes! Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California of Seattles Hooverville facts about hoovervilles took detailed recordings of the shanty during. Homeless, but they did so on credit built by people who had nowhere else to go, and.. City built on hills and around water, in the 1930s migrant farmers relocated to California American people starving! Lasting Hooverville in California both their residents and the nearby communities at of... Achieved fame during World War II, many Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished city facts about hoovervilles... Administration, and stocks, but his words meant little to most of those affected thousands and then millions jobs! Homeless camps of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to.! Of disease up across the United States the popular name for slum towns built by people who had else! Been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920 but he had first achieved during... 1930S, poverty continued to rebuild small houses at that time, President Hoover! Through 2009, homelessness was on the rise of larger cities, hundreds of of! # x27 ; economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness May 1 free and.
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