Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. The following is a summary of the sueeches. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. Geophysical Research Letters. The number of deaths was The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. 117, S2, 773-782. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . Current Science, 69, 101127. Dhunche In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Dehra Dun,. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Geological society (Vol. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). (1981). Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. 4, pp. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Seismol. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. to Chitawan. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). You can also search for this author in The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. (2019). Tect. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. 3. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Mem. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. L. Fermor. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. The impact was reported to be felt in. Brett,W.B. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. CrossRef New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. Nasu, N. (1935). (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Sci. Rana, B. S. (2013). There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Earthq. 82 2945-2969. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). and JavaScript. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. 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