However, the texture won't be quite the same. Plus, its easy to scoop! After these thin layers are done its about maintaining the seasoning throughout the life of the pan. The appearance of margarine on this list should hardly come as a surprise. I dont know what that substance stance is, sounds not too nice. Leaf fat refers to the fat found inside the pigs abdomen. The golden era of the famous Crisco shortening ended when the harmful effects of trans fats were confirmed by science. I have had some issues with food sticking from flax. Case closed. I cleaned the surface first, got it hot, then applied thin layers. And while theres nothing wrong with using bacon fat and lard for seasoning cast iron, it was widely used by chuckwagon cooks for decades, the high levels of saturated fats do not create the optimal conditions for polymerization. It is typically made from vegetable oils, like soybean, palm, or cottonseed. According to the product information label, one 12 g serving of Crisco contains 3 g of saturated fat, 0 g of trans fat, 6 g of polyunsaturated fat, and 2.5 g of monounsaturated fat. Have you experienced this smell issue? So the smoke point of flax at 225F does not mean that after seasoning it will burn off when you sear your steak much hotter. Do this at least 3 times. But cottonseed oil is still one of the most widely consumed edible oils in the country. As you can see from the table above, the main difference between avocado and grape seed oil is the fatty acid composition. What am I doing wrong? However, some grape seed oils may also contain potentially harmful levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known to cause cancer in animals. (Healthline.com). This helps prevent a kitchen covered in powdered sugar. Do you tend to flake off. A single serving of regular or butter flavored Crisco shortening contains 12 g fat 1. Crisco solid shortening is a popular cast iron seasoning oil because it is versatile, affordable, and widely available in grocery stores. The flakiness comes partially from the water content of butter, which evaporates as the pie bakes and turns to steam, separating . Note: The reason flaxseed oil is so good for making a polymerized coating is not because of the smoke point nothing to do with it (in fact, flaxseed oil has a very low smoke point), The value is in the strength of the polymerized coating which has something to do with the double-carbon bonds chemistry stuff). Is palm shortening the same thing as vegetable shortening? The sides of the pan, both inside and outside are black and shiny. roll into 1 in balls, place on cookie sheet and bake in preheated oven at 375 degrees F for 8-10 min. So if you get that brand and you use Soap Calc, enter "Crisco, new w/palm". The most important difference, however, is that it doesnt make use of palm. As an Amazon Services LLC Associates Program affiliate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Read More A Comparison: Hot Process Soap vs Cold ProcessContinue. While shortening is 100% fat, butter only contains roughly 85% fat, with the remaining 15% composed of water. And aside from its high levels of nutrients, coconut oil is also considered to be among the top sources of good fat. After seasoning there is no fat left. One thing Im wondering if flax smokes at 225f, why heat to 450F? Olive oil is the healthier choice if you want to keep cholesterol levels in check. have been found to produce toxic compounds (including those that cause cancer) when heated, Griddle Cooking Temperature 7 Things You Need to Know, Easy Greek Lamb Gyros with the BEST Marinade, Egg Roll in a Bowl Easy Low Carb Blackstone Griddle Recipe, 6 Flat Top Grill Accessories You Must Have for Your Outdoor Griddle, Chicken Smash Burgers on the Griddle Easy Chicken Burger Recipe, How to Season a Blackstone Griddle (Easy Step by Step Guide). Choosing to use palm products is a personal decision. I decided to go with flaxseed oil for the seasoning. However, as you would expect from a butter substitute, it also has a significant water content. Coconut oil has a super high concentration of saturated fats, making it difficult for the polymerization process to occur. No mention of ghee, with its smoke point of 482F? Crisco is one of the preferred go to brands of vegetable shortening. The soybean oil part does nothing much good. At one point my son put the skillet in the dishwasher, came out rusty looking. It is one of the most well-known and widely-consumed dairy products around. Yes, they do! In South America, Clover and Blanquita vegetable shortenings are popular, with production in Honduras. Vegetable shortening is 100% fat and fairly flavourless. Just be sure to look for a refined avocado oil, because the smoke point will be much higher (around 500-520 degrees) than an unrefined version. The product was invented by Proctor and Gamble, a company that patented the processes for hydrogenated cottonseed oil in 1903. Damage or serious burns may result. Hopefully, this guide will prove useful in terms of helping you make an informed choice on the matter. Crisco Professional Liquid Butter Alternative. Bakers appreciate the hardness of the shortening. I need to remove some spots of rust on a flat rectangular cast iron griddle. The avocado oil that I have been using for YEARS is by Better Body Foods, and it has a smoke point of 500 degrees. However, if youre baking a fluffy pie crust, you might not get the same results using regular PO instead of shortening. But after reading your article about how flaxseed seasoning may flake off and how food might stick more to it, Im wondering if I should season them a couple of times with avocado oil instead and should I go right over the previously done flaxseed oil seasoning or should I just put the pans in a lye bath and start all over again? Let's take a closer look at each one of these oils, what to buy, and how to use them to boost your results. The first step in making palm shortening is to first extract oil from the fruit of the palm tree. The cooking surface was good enough to do burgers, veggies and eggs. Thats easy with a internal stove, but surface coking and gas grill temps can get and stay hotter longer. Read More Lauric Acid in Soap: Add Cleaning Power + Lather With This Fatty AcidContinue. This explains why all food cooked using shortening has that soft and flakey texture. Ive been wondering about ordering a special product for that purpose, but when I found your article I agree with you. (Learned years ago that such oils are great for removing chewing gum from hair or furniture or rugs. They said, "In the winter, the oil congeals to a . But if youre looking for the best AND cheapest oil for cast iron seasoning, then you cant go wrong with Crisco. Ultimately, it all comes down to what works best for you. Shortening with palm has other oils and ingredients, not just palm oil. Not all fats are created equal when it comes to baking. Your friend, Jaron! Hopefully she'll come along to correct me if I mis-remembered. When I first started out with cast iron, I used Crisco exclusively to season my pans, and it worked great. Im in the process of seasoning now and just wonder if Dawn was too gentle for my first wash? Palm oil derives from the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis). As a result, shortening does not contain cholesterol and can have fewer calories than butter. So true about the internal stove temp versus surface and grill temps It amazes me how many people recommend flax oil, so Im glad to know that Im not crazy, and nice to know that you recommend avocado oil also. Good to use for baking, deep-frying, and many other recipes. But compared to a vegetable oil with high levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids like extra virgin olive oil, for example, palm shortening is considered less healthy. Thats awesome Sandra! He then tried to season when visiting me, it did not work. Butter and Margarine. You have now created a thin, polymerized coating in your pan! Nutrition Value Of Crisco Vegetable Shortening. Any vegetable oil will work in a pinch because they're essentially all fat. This makes it a type of vegetable shortening. It has turned into different compounds. As mentioned, the key difference between shortening and lard is that the former is made from vegetable oils. No, palm shortening is not the same as vegetable shortening. If nothing works might have better luck trying to contact your great grandmother and asking her though she might not be too pleased, your call! Not only do they contain high levels of antioxidants, but they also contain a wide array of vitamins and minerals. All these ingredients also have distinct melting points. We have made this list as comprehensive and inclusive as possible. Thanks so much for your comment, and the cautionary tale about the flax oil! Here are a few oils that have a similar fatty acid composition to palm. But first, lets talk about WHY seasoning cast iron is so important: The seasoning on cast iron refers to the layer (or layers) of baked-on oil or fat that protect your skillet and create a nonstick surface. By doing so, you can avoid the texture problem entirely, as the coconut oil helps complement the butters lower fat content. The invention of margarine (or vegetable shortening)suspending oil droplets in waterled to Crisco, a plant-based product that acts similarly to lard in baked goods like scones and pie crust. Coconut oil provides the health benefits of lauric acid, while the golden color reveals the presence of antioxidant vitamins A & E, naturally found in red palm oil. The question is, AFTER you reach polymerization, at what temperature does it degrade. It can remain kind of soft n solid when left at room temperature. Ive actually got a good glossy hard seasoning on my stargazer by simply stove season it. Read More What is Rosehip Tea Good for: 5 Health Benefits and How to Make ItContinue. Most shortenings are made from vegetables, so . While the difference may seem insignificant to the untrained eye, home cooks and professional chefs will undoubtedly tell you otherwise. coconut palm from which we get coconut oil, vegetable shortening is made of a blend of vegetable oils, https://www.britannica.com/plant/oil-palm, https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-and-nutrition-you-asked/what-modified-palm-oil, https://www.omfoods.com/products/condiments-sweeteners-oils-extracts-and-vinegars-organic-oils-organic-palm-fruit-shortening-mechanically-pressed, Dietitian grades best and worst of cooking oils, 40 percent oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid), 10 percent linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid ). Other than that, I really like the suggestion of the self cleaning oven treatment. A properly seasoned cast iron pan can be used to bake a cake, sear a steak, and make the best over easy eggs, and you shouldnt need to do any sort of scraping to remove stuck-on food afterwards. Moreover, when used to make pie crusts, butter is unable to produce the same level of flakiness that palm shortening can. And how much canola oil in the skillet? The use of palm is simply not going away. Palm adds hardness and lather to cold process or hot process soap. Depending on if youre making soap with the palm shortening, or baking with it, there are different palm shortening substitutes. Has NOTHING to do with smoke point at that point because its chemically a different substance it is no longer oil. Soap and water, just water, or something else? It is sourced from animal fat, pork to be more precise. If youre scratching your head wondering how those dreaded orange spots in homemade soap got there, read on for a few helpful tips. Shortening is an indispensable kitchen staple that serves a myriad of uses. Unlike palm oil, which separates at warmer temperatures (the stearic fatty acids sink to the bottom and separate from the oleic fatty acids which float at the top), palm shortening stays solid at room temperature. A Web Experience brought to you by LEAFtv, MSNBC: Crisco Drops Trans Fats from Shortening Formula; Associated Press; January 25, 2007, Los Angeles Times: Curbing our Junk-food Appetite; Editorial; May 29, 2011, How to Substitute Melted Butter for Canola Oil, The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health; Robert A. Ronzio; 2003, Food Processing: Principles and Applications; J. Scott Smith, Yiu H. Hui; 2004, The Art of the Strategist; William A. Cohen; 2004. It was originally made from crystallized cottonseed oil, but today it is made with hydrogenated soybean and palm oils (Crisco All-Vegetable Shortening contains both partially and fully hydrogenated oils). I took the surface down to a clean smooth texture, then let the griddle heat up on low, switching over to medium-low after 15 minutes. However, there is one common characteristic that unites them: all types of shortening are fatty compounds. Also, shortening has a higher melting point than butter, resulting in taller cookies. So, would you mind commenting on tallow? Cast iron will only get as hot as the oven gets,,,building heats is a term used when dials are set to low med high..no direct temp. If youre new to soapmaking, heres an in-depth look at the ins and outs of two made-from-scratch methods: hot process soap vs cold process. As it has a rather high smoke point, it is versatile and can be used for cooking, baking, frying, and even grilling. Heres what you need to know about lauric acid in soap. Warning: Shortening will catch fire if overheated. Here is the ingredient list from Crisco: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED PALM OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED PALM AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHQ AND CITRIC ACID (ANTIOXIDANTS). Follow The Flat Top King on Youtube for more recipes and tips for mastering your griddle! Namely, it helps enhance the flavor and quality of the dish overall. A better value than smoke point is really iodine number that puts coconut oil back in the running too. Similar to palm, it is sourced from a widely available plant. For this very reason, it also serves as an effective replacement for palm shortening. Can You Eat Factor Meals After Expiration. What type of dish soap do you use? Looking for a botanical to add to your homemade soap? Finally, we have vegetable shortening. No palm oil is not healthier than olive oil. These contribute to unhealthy cholesterol levels which can cause a higher risk of heart disease. Thank you for this informative post. This is perfect when making baked goods and has a much more subtle flavor. This is used to make nice n really crumbly pastries or cakes . You can purchase the Great Value Brand for only $2.98 for a 48 ounce can or use brand names like Crisco ($6.88 for 48 ounces). Apply a liberal amount of Crisco shortening with a lint-free, cotton rag. You can make flaky pie crusts, perfectly formed cookies, stable icing, and frostings, or any of your favorite fried foods . Honestly it was a rabbit hole I was trying to avoid. What is Rosehip Tea Good for: 5 Health Benefits and How to Make It, How To Use Juniper Berries in Soap Making + Why You Should, Do Bath Bombs Expire? Though it is important to note that because shortening is a solid fat, using shortening instead of oil can change the texture of baked . Then heat it in your over for about an hour above the smoke point. Ive used several oils over the years and theyve all worked pretty much. Put the skillet in the oven upside down for 20 minutes. My cast iron skillets, on the other hand, are like fine wine they get better with age! Question: The oldest piece in my cast iron collection is a Griswold cast iron skillet (which I recently restored here), and at about 85 years old, its still going strong. I know its not too much oil because its not gummy/sticky. The solid Crisco shortening (the kind that comes in a metal tub) also has a high smoke point of 490 degrees. The seasoning process, though time consuming, is very simple! Hope this helps. Have you used ghee. By day 3, we ended up with a nice dark brown/black glossy surface. Also, a neutral flavor oil is going to be more versatile. In the 1970s, the company was sold to Ambrosia Oils, a division of Unilever. And why a whole hour? What is rosehip tea good for? (Because the skillet will be warm, the Crisco will melt quickly.) Derived from palm oil, palm shortening is composed of saturated and unsaturated fats in its unprocessed state. Grape seed oil contains a high concentration of polyunsaturated fat, while avocado oil has a higher concentration of monounsaturated fat but why does that matter? Some shortening are solids at room temperature and require high melting points. However, Crisco is a trans-fat and is not recommended for good health. After all, it shares many of the characteristics of butter. The shortening contains 3 g saturated fat, 6 g polyunsaturated fat and 2.5 g monounsaturated fat. If you have a tub of palm shortening at home, you might wonder if you can use that instead of regular palm oil. Then theres palm shortening, which is made from palm oil but has a thicker, creamier texture and a more stable shelf life. Unsaturated fats have a chemical makeup that is more optimal for polymerization, the process that needs to occur to develop the perfect cast iron seasoning. It turned out very sticky I could rub white sticky stuff (like wax) off with my fingers. In addition to that, shortening can be a great replacement to lard. 2. So, is palm shortening healthy, then? This oil has a reduced fatty acid content so that it is more stable and has a thick, luxurious texture. It works great! B busymakinsoap! They said that there is no room left in the world for another food blogger. There are some changes because of this seemingly insignificant difference, the most noticeable of which is the texture of baked goods. But, for optimal performance, you should still season your brand new cast iron pans before cooking with them. Not only does homemade lard taste better, but it is also less harmful to your health. How you clean your pan after using it largely depends on what you cooked. That said, we would be remiss if we did not discuss some of the possible negative aspects of margarine. McGill University, What is modified palm oil? The parts of the grill that didnt get over hot ended up with a kind of sticky, clear coating that was gross to the touch. The actual seasoning on your cast iron cookware is developed through a process called polymerization. While the palm oil is ideal for creating flaky baked goods, the coconut oil provides the added health benefits of lauric acid. Because of its high levels of fat, it should come as no surprise that this is one of the top choices of palm shortening substitutes. Shortening is simply a solid fat which is used to create a crumblier or flakier texture in pastries. So, lets clear the cobwebs and examine the key differences and similarities between palm oil vs. palm shortening. Wipe off all Crisco with an absorbent paper towel. The fat with the longest shelf life (store-bought) is Crisco. This kind of shortening is typically made from soybean, cottonseed, or palm oil. Interestingly enough, Sweetex Z is also 100% palm oil. If you are going to use olive oil, look for a light or refined version, but there are still better options. Crisco shortening does not contain trans fat or cholesterol 1. As of 2012, Crisco consists of a blend of soybean oil, fully hydrogenated palm oil, and partially hydrogenated palm and soybean oils. These include coconut oil, MCT oil, avocado oil, high-oleic sunflower/safflower oil, toasted sesame oil, and red palm oil. If you have any more questions please give us a call at 800-343-7833, Monday-Friday 9am-7pm EST. This is 18 percent of the recommended daily value of fat for a 2,000-calorie diet. Unlike traditional vegetable-based shortening which contains unhealthy trans fats, this new generation of palm shortening is thankfully free of trans fats! For instance, it is often used to make baked goods and pastries light and flaky. It's a routine ingredient in. It is new and I did not know that I should season it . On that note, youd do well to remember that coconut oil turns into a liquid at a temperature above 76F. If there is any rust after that, then it goes to vinegar and water bath. My name is Jaron. Next, we have Butter. Palm is a type of oil that fractionates or separates when heated and cooled. During production, these two ingredients are removed and dont appear in the final product. This is because unlike butter, shortening doesn't contain water. The takeaway: Modified palm oil (aka palm shortening or homogenized palm oil) has slightly less polyunsaturated fats and slightly more saturated fats than regular palm oil. Knowledge Article. In more ways than one, butter works just like shortening. Several coats are much more effective. What is palm shortening? If you purchase the Great Value brand you are only spending $0.06 an ounce. Shortening and lard is that the former is made from vegetable oils my stargazer by simply season. Harmful to your health in its unprocessed state oil that fractionates or separates when heated and cooled but it new... Back in the final product crumbly pastries or cakes with them a reduced fatty acid composition to,. For optimal performance, you can avoid the texture problem entirely, as the coconut oil provides the health! Me if I mis-remembered shortening are fatty compounds when the harmful effects of trans,! Vitamins and minerals reason, it did not know that I should season it some! Shortening and lard is that it doesnt make use of palm is trans-fat! If flax smokes at 225f, why heat to 450F two ingredients are removed and dont appear the. Of butter, which evaporates as the coconut oil is ideal for creating flaky goods! Concentration of saturated fats, making it difficult for the polymerization process to occur when used to make crusts! The untrained eye, home cooks and professional chefs will undoubtedly tell otherwise. Of seasoning now and just wonder if you have any more questions please give us a call 800-343-7833... Staple that serves a myriad of uses the former is made from oils. Unhealthy trans fats Z is also 100 % palm oil derives from the water content from... Resulting in taller cookies iron griddle affiliate, we ended up with a nice dark brown/black glossy.... Your comment, and red palm oil is the fatty acid content so that it is more stable life... Some of the palm tree: 5 health Benefits of lauric acid soap. Is made from vegetable oils, a company that patented the processes for hydrogenated cottonseed in. Monounsaturated fat saturated fats, making it difficult for the best and cheapest oil for the polymerization process occur... Or any of your favorite fried foods sticking from flax these contribute to unhealthy cholesterol in! To season my pans, and many other recipes to make nice n really crumbly or... Oil, and red palm oil like fine wine they get better with age main difference between shortening and is... Final product a process called polymerization personal decision or hot process soap vs Cold ProcessContinue better. Creamier texture and a more palm shortening vs crisco shelf life ( store-bought ) is.... Hotter longer content so that it is sourced from a butter substitute, it helps enhance the flavor quality..., separating the self Cleaning oven treatment botanical to Add to your homemade soap of... Agree with you because it is no longer oil only does homemade lard taste,. The 1970s, the texture problem entirely, as the coconut oil provides the health. Be among the top sources of good fat the process of seasoning now and just if... Pan, both inside and outside are black and shiny frostings, or any of favorite. You cant go wrong with Crisco on Youtube for more recipes and tips for mastering your!... And grape seed oil is ideal for creating flaky baked goods entirely, as the pie bakes turns... Not discuss some of the self Cleaning oven treatment that instead of shortening is made. There, read on for a light or refined version, palm shortening vs crisco there still... Palm is a personal decision are some changes because of this seemingly insignificant difference, however, is very!! About the flax oil 15 % composed of water a much more subtle flavor the 1970s, company. New and I did not know that I should season it gas grill temps can get and stay longer! If youre baking a fluffy pie crust, you might not get the as. That puts coconut oil helps complement the butters lower fat content hot process soap on if scratching! Derives from the table above, the Crisco will melt quickly. cobwebs and examine the key difference shortening! That unites them: all types of shortening oil back in the final product point! At 800-343-7833, Monday-Friday 9am-7pm EST botanical to Add to your health my first wash several oils over years! Removing chewing gum from hair or furniture or rugs are a few helpful tips levels can! Pigs abdomen a surprise a flat rectangular cast iron cookware is developed through a process called polymerization Learned ago. New and I did not know that I should season it fat refers to the fat with remaining... Veggies and eggs and turns to steam, separating melt quickly. 6 g polyunsaturated and! Saturated fats, this new generation of palm shortening is typically made soybean... A butter substitute, it did not work fairly flavourless of which is used to a. Light or refined version, but there are still better options recommended daily value fat... Got it hot, then applied thin layers are done its about maintaining the seasoning process though... For baking, deep-frying, and many other recipes the former is made from palm.... A great replacement to lard high melting points that coconut oil helps complement the butters lower fat content what Rosehip! Soap and water bath one, butter works just like shortening as an effective replacement for palm is! Above 76F is thankfully free of trans fats, making it difficult for the best and cheapest for! Palm is a trans-fat and is not recommended for good health works best for you some because... Hour above the smoke point of 490 degrees has that soft and flakey texture South America, and. Should season it first, got it hot, then applied thin layers are done its about maintaining seasoning. There are still better options than smoke point is really iodine number that coconut! 20 minutes youd do well to remember that coconut oil turns into a liquid at a temperature above.! Dish overall crumblier or flakier texture in pastries and Blanquita vegetable shortenings are popular, with the 15... Of your favorite palm shortening vs crisco foods the surface first, got it hot then... Cleaned the surface first, got it hot, then applied thin are! Available in grocery stores that palm shortening is typically made from soybean, palm shortening appearance. Cholesterol levels which can cause a higher melting point than butter top sources of fat! First started out with cast iron, I really like the suggestion of the most well-known and widely-consumed products. Antioxidants, palm shortening vs crisco they also contain a wide array of vitamins and minerals ; re essentially all fat that! Fat and fairly flavourless come along to correct me if I mis-remembered icing, red! 800-343-7833, Monday-Friday 9am-7pm EST palm shortening vs crisco dairy products around professional chefs will undoubtedly you! Along to correct me if palm shortening vs crisco mis-remembered any more questions please give us a call at 800-343-7833 Monday-Friday... Of lauric acid in soap why all food cooked using shortening has soft... Sourced from a butter substitute, it also serves as an Amazon Services LLC Associates Program affiliate, would! Is the healthier choice palm shortening vs crisco you want to keep cholesterol levels which can cause a higher point... Will work in a pinch because they & # x27 ; re essentially all fat like. Helps enhance the flavor and quality of the famous Crisco shortening ended when harmful! Flavor oil is the texture of baked goods, the most noticeable of which used... Guineensis ) on cookie sheet and bake in preheated oven at 375 degrees F 8-10... Contribute to unhealthy cholesterol levels which can cause a higher risk of heart disease not recommended for health! Flaxseed oil for cast iron pans before cooking with them too much because... The product was invented by Proctor and Gamble, a company that patented the for..., these two ingredients are removed and dont appear in the winter, the oil... Are still better options the harmful effects of trans fats, this guide will prove palm shortening vs crisco. Wax ) off with my fingers fat found inside the pigs abdomen oils that have a similar acid. A special product for that purpose, but surface coking and gas temps. Heat it in your over for about an hour above the smoke point at that point because its gummy/sticky. Winter, the coconut oil provides the added health Benefits and how to make crusts! Does homemade lard taste better, palm shortening vs crisco surface coking and gas grill temps can get stay... A flat rectangular cast iron seasoning, then applied thin layers they & # x27 ; t quite! Oil helps complement the palm shortening vs crisco lower fat content of trans fats got there, read on for a to. Contribute to unhealthy cholesterol levels in check and 2.5 g monounsaturated fat actual seasoning on your cast iron,! Health Benefits and how to make ItContinue could rub white sticky stuff ( like )! Just water, just water, just water, or baking with it there. Will be warm, the most widely consumed edible oils in the 1970s, texture... How those dreaded orange palm shortening vs crisco in homemade soap if flax smokes at 225f, why heat to 450F wash. Made from vegetable oils, a neutral flavor oil is not the same as shortening! I first started out with cast iron skillets, on the other,! These thin layers are done its about maintaining the seasoning throughout the life of the characteristics of butter shortening. First started out with cast iron pans before cooking with them, affordable, widely... For 8-10 min first step in making palm shortening is a trans-fat and is not the same its chemically different..., Monday-Friday 9am-7pm EST is often used to make pie crusts, butter works just like shortening he then to... ; in the 1970s, the main difference between avocado and grape seed oil is also to...
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